Abnormal occlusion - impaired dentition and physiological closure of the teeth is observed in almost 40% of the world's population. In some patients it is almost imperceptible, however, if such a state makes it difficult to fully speak, eat, brings some inconvenience, and also changes appearance, then it is necessary to take measures to eliminate the problem.
In addition to external abnormalities, abnormal occlusion also has physiological consequences. in the form of early tooth decay and disorders of the digestive tract.
You can correct the anomaly at any age, but the greatest effect is observed in the treatment of children and adolescents under 14 years of age. What are the causes of violation of the formation of the jaw department? What should an ideal bite look like? What are the features of correcting the wrong bite in children and adults?
Content
Types of malocclusion, methods of correction
Bite is the location of the lower and upper teeth at the time of closing the jaws, which are in a calm state. In dentistry, there is another term - occlusion, denoting the closure of periodontal during chewing food.
Dental classification molars, canines and incisors is based on such factors as the location of the teeth in the jaw row and the age of the person. By time periods, the closing of the jaws is divided into the following categories:
Dairy (temporary). Lasts up to 6 years, until the first molar appears.
Mixed (replaceable) - from 6 to 12 years (until complete replacement of milk teeth with real ones). This period is characterized by an accelerated exchange process and maximum jaw growth. Treatment of malnutrition at this age is quick and effective.
Permanent. Age category - after 14 years. Treatment of abnormal bite at this age is possible, but the effectiveness is determined by the number of years. The older the person, the slower the metabolic processes go and the crowns move more heavily in the jaw.
How should the teeth be placed in the jaw?
Proper closure of the teeth is called physiological. Specialists identify several types of normal bite, which are characterized by one common feature: they do not create abnormal physiological effects.
Normal jaw closure has following external signs:
- The lower teeth are located directly below the similar crowns of the upper row;
- oval of the face is symmetrical with regular features;
- the middle line between the front incisors exactly coincides with the middle line of the face.
There are several types of physiological closure:
Progenic. It is characterized by a slightly extended jaw, however, the cutting edges of the teeth are closed.
Biprognathic. Both tooth rows are slightly tilted forward towards the lips, but at the same time the cutting surfaces are exactly closed with each other.
Orthognathic. The upper dentition slightly (up to 1/3 of the crown) overlaps the bottom.
Straight. The cutting edges of the teeth are exactly adjacent to each other.
What is the wrong bite?
An abnormal or abnormal bite is manifested in the incomplete closure of the extreme surfaces of the opposite molars, canines and incisors, which leads to additional loads when chewing food. In this case, you should consult with a specialist and undergo appropriate treatment.
There are several types of abnormal arrangement of dentition in the jaw. These anomalies have arisen as a result of incomplete development of the jawbone in children. For improper clamping of the jaws The following features are characteristic:
- The edges of the opposite teeth do not match;
- lower jaw protrudes forward;
- upper lip bulging;
- incomplete closure of the teeth, as well as their curvature.
Types of abnormal bite
Mesial bite. It is characterized by a strongly shifted lower jaw. External signs: the falling upper lip acting forward a massive chin.
Distal bite. It is the most common disorder, the main manifestation of which is an underdeveloped lower jaw and / or an over developed upper jaw. When the jaws are closed, the front teeth of the upper row too clearly protrude.
Deep. The main feature is that when the jaws are fully closed, the lower incisors overlap by more than 1/3 of the upper ones. This arrangement of the teeth leads to their rapid abrasion.
Open bite. The main feature is that when the jaws are closed between the lower and upper dental row, a gap is formed. Basically, it appears from the front, sometimes from the side. In this case, the lower half of the face is disproportionately lengthened. Such a defect is very difficult to correct.
Cross bite. The main feature is the displacement of the lower jaw to the left or to the right, while one of the jaws looks wider than the other. There is a pronounced asymmetry of the face. People with crossbite are most susceptible to diseases such as periodontitis and periodontal disease.
Causes of Malocclusion
Often the cause of the defect is an abnormality of fetal development: viral diseases, metabolic disorders, intrauterine infection, anemia and other pathologies of pregnancy leading to further development of the disease.
An important role in the formation of bite plays genetic factorwhen the bite shape and tooth size is inherited from the parents.
But even excluding prenatal and genetic background, the probability of formation of a defect in the dentition is very high. This is due to many reasons, among which are the following:
- Sucking nipples or toes;
- birth injury;
- respiratory disorders;
- artificial feeding;
- lack of calcium and fluoride in the body;
- abnormal occlusion after prosthetics;
- trauma and pathology of the dentition;
- teething problems;
- metabolic disease;
- caries and poor nutrition.
In addition, a bite can be formed under the influence of the following factors:
Feeding baby. In a newborn child, the upper jaw is slightly advanced in relation to the lower one (approximately 1.5 cm). This situation reduces the risk of injury and facilitates passage through the birth canal of the mother. At the time of teething, the position of the jaws changes: the lower one moves forward slightly.
Very well stimulates the formation of the physiological bite breastfeeding. The baby needs a lot of effort to get a portion of milk from the mother’s breast, which makes the lower jaw move more actively. As a result, the load on bone tissue increases, and the muscles of the oral cavity develop.
In addition, the sucking reflex is completely satisfied, making children who are breastfed less likely to suck a pacifier or a finger.
Premature loss of milk teeth and jaw injuries. The gap formed after the loss of teeth will immediately try to fill the adjacent teeth from the opposite jaw and from the sides.
Pathology of ENT organs (frequent runny nose, chronic tonsillitis, adenoids, etc.). Since children suffering from such diseases are forced to breathe through the mouth, the masticatory muscles located in the cheeks area add to the burden on the dentition, which causes the latter to narrow. In addition, there is a shift of the lower jaw back and in this position it remains.
Body position during feeding and sleep. The habit of sleeping in the same position (for example, by placing a hand under the cheek) can cause a displacement or narrowing of the lower jaw.
Sometimes the formation of an abnormal bite is observed in the case when a child throws back his head while feeding or sleeping.
Signs to look out for
Parents The following factors should be alerted:
- The baby breathes through the mouth;
- the baby cannot close his lips or plays with his mouth open;
- sniffs or snores in sleep;
- the front teeth of the baby cover only part of the teeth of the lower row;
- the lower jaw closes the upper jaw by more than 50%;
- the child has large gaps between the teeth;
- the lower jaw is extended forward;
- diction is disturbed, sounds are pronounced incorrectly. Sometimes it is because of the abnormal bite that the child fails to pronounce hissing and whistling consonants.
Bite correction
Everyone wants to have a beautiful smile, however, for a number of reasons, not everyone can boast of it. And here the physiological bite plays an important role, therefore its anomalies should be corrected without fail.
Ways to correct the bite
The following are used in dentistry methods of bite correction:
- Correction of bite with braces;
- bite correction capa;
- bite correction surgically;
- laser fix
Bite correction braces
To date, braces are one of the most popular and effective ways to correct the wrong bite. In essence, the bracket represents device consisting of bracketswhich are connected to each other by a power arc. The brackets are fixed on the teeth with a special glue, and the arc contributes to the formation of the correct arrangement of the teeth. This method has its advantages: using braces you can fix almost any anomalies relating to the bite. In addition, the patient does not need to do anything himself - all manipulations on the installation are carried out by a specialist in the hospital.
The duration of treatment with this method ranges from 6-8 months to 2.5-3 years, depending on the complexity of the situation, as well as the individual characteristics of the patient's oral cavity. During the entire period of treatment, you will have to periodically visit the orthodontist's office to change the ligatures and correction.
Among the shortcomings are the following:
- The appearance of braces is not always aesthetic (especially metal);
- such devices complicate the implementation of hygienic oral care procedures.
Bite correction capa
If for some reason you do not want to wear braces, you can try to correct the bite in other ways, for example, a mouthpiece.
What is a cap? This is a special design that is made of transparent polymer. It does not adversely affect tooth enamel, it is visually completely invisible and practically does not cause discomfort in the mouth. And most importantly - the cap has a removable design that can be removed while eating and brushing teeth.
Before installing the cap, a dental photograph is taken, which will serve as the basis for the manufacture of the structure. Over the entire period of treatment that continues on average 11-12 months, you will need to change a few caps, and the effectiveness of this method depends on the time of the change of design.
Bite correction surgically
In difficult cases, when the use of traditional methods does not give the desired result, the method of occlusion correction with the help of an operation is used. In particular, we are talking about asymmetry or incorrect proportions of the jaw bones, deformations of the dental system and complex occlusion anomaly.
Correction of the jaw is performed by incision of bone tissue in the area of the moved teeth, which further contributes to the improvement of the performance of swallowing and masticatory muscles, and sometimes even easier respiratory processes.
Bite Correction Operation lasts a few hours and passes under general anesthesia. After 2-3 weeks, the patient can already return to the usual way of life, and a month later, perform face exercises for the speedy development of the jaw. After surgery, a specialist can prescribe the installation of braces (usually for a period of 6 to 12 months).
Bite correction surgically is contraindicated for patients suffering from endocrine and cardiovascular pathologies, tuberculosis, HIV, oncology, as well as children and adolescents under 16 years of age.
Laser bite correction
This method is used both before the beginning of the procedures for the correction of bite, and in combination with them, and laser treatment is widely used after surgery. The laser has excellent anti-inflammatory properties and contributes to the rapid repair damaged tissue. As an independent method of bite correction, the laser is not used; it serves only as an aid in other methods of treatment.
Bite correction in children
There are several basic ways to correct abnormal occlusion in children:
- The use of orthodontic appliances. In this case, removable and non-removable orthodontic devices are used to facilitate the forced relocation of teeth to the desired position. To correct the anomaly in a child under 6 years old, trainers, caps or plates are used. Older children, such methods are no longer suitable.
- Myotherapy (a set of exercises), aimed at restoring the physiological tone of facial, masticatory and oral cavity muscles, which has a beneficial effect on the development and growth of the jaws.
- Surgical intervention.
- Comprehensive treatment of malocclusion, combining surgical and hardware method. It is used to correct the bite in children from 6 to 12 years.
- Orthopedic treatment.
It is necessary to carefully monitor the health of your child, in particular, the state of his maxillofacial apparatus, and in case of any anomalies, you should immediately contact the clinic to prevent the development of serious pathologies and maxillary anomalies.
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